Chile provides a compelling case for examining tensions between the urgency of the energy transition and the need to center equitable decarbonization, human rights, and Indigenous sovereignty. This research investigates relationships among Indigenous Peoples, mining companies, and government actors in the context of lithium mining in the Salar de Atacama through interviews with government officials, civil society representatives, industry experts, academics, and Indigenous Peoples. While “win-win” approaches such as community development agreements and sustainable mining practices are promoted as enabling inclusive economic development alongside mineral extraction, political ecology and environmental anthropology literature documents the impacts experienced by Indigenous communities in the Antofagasta region. This project analyzes mining governance in Chile and the power relationships that shape it.